Chronic bronchitis is actually lumped under the umbrella of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (or COPD), along with emphysema.

慢性支管与肺肿同属于慢性阻塞型肺疾病（COPD、慢阻肺）。

Treatment of chronic bronchitis largely involves reducing risk factors, like for example stopping smoking, but also managing associated illnesses.

慢性支管治疗包括降低风险因，例如戒烟，还有治疗相关疾病状。

People with chronic bronchitis also often present with hypoxemia, low oxygen in the blood, and hypercapnia, increased carbon dioxide in the blood.

慢支患者经常合并有低血，即血中量低，以及高碳酸血，即血中二化碳量高。

Alright, so chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD that's diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, specifically coughing up a lot of mucus.

慢性支管是慢阻肺一种，它诊断基于临床表现，特别是咳大量黏痰。

Another effect of unchecked inflammation in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is chronic bronchitis, resulting from increased mucus production and narrowing of the airways.

α-1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏导失控另一个后果是慢性支管，由黏液增多以及道狭窄导。

Even though an increased Reid index goes along with chronic bronchitis, the diagnosis is still done clinically and this measurement is not usually used diagnostically.

尽管慢支患者雷德指数会变大，这项检测很少用于临床诊断。

So alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can lead to both emphysema and chronic bronchitis, the two types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD.

因此α-1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏可导肺肿和慢支，而肺肿和慢支是慢阻肺（COPD）中2种类型。

Lung diseases like chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma shrink the passageways that carry oxygen, while weakening the membrane that brings oxygen into the blood.

慢性支管、肺肿和哮喘等肺部疾病会缩小携带通道，同时削弱将带入血液膜。

As a result of having too much mucus and poorly functioning cilia, people with chronic bronchitis end up relying on coughing to get rid of their mucus plugs.

因为有太多痰液集聚，纤毛功能也变差，慢支病患者只能靠咳嗽来排除阻塞痰液。

Normally, this ratio should be less than 40%, but it can be over 40% for people with chronic bronchitis, because of the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the glands.

一般情况下应少于40%，对于慢支患者来说，由于黏液腺肥大增生，该数值会大于40%。

These two are different in that chronic bronchitis is defined by clinical features, like a productive cough, whereas emphysema is defined by structural changes —specifically enlargement of the air spaces.

区别于肺肿，慢性支管有明显临床特征，例如排痰性咳嗽，而肺肿以结构改变为主，具体来说就是腔扩大。

Other risk factors for chronic bronchitis include exposure to air pollutants like sulfur and nitrogen dioxide, exposure to dust and silica, as well as genetic factors like having a family history of chronic bronchitis.

慢性支管其他病因素包括空污染物，例如硫和二化氮、暴露于灰尘和硅土，当然还有遗传因素，例如有慢性支管家族史。

And finally another consequence of mucus plugging in chronic bronchitis is that people can develop lung infections behind the mucus blockages in the airway, and these infections can worsen the pulmonary and cardiac symptoms.

慢性支管中黏液阻塞导另一个后果是患者道中黏液阻塞后方可能会产生肺部感染，这又会加重肺部与心脏状。

The increased CO2 levels in the blood can get so bad that some people develop cyanosis, which is a blue discoloration of the skin, and this is why patients with chronic bronchitis are sometimes referred to as blue bloaters.

血中二化碳量升高可能引起发绀，即患者皮肤会变蓝，这就是为什么慢支患者又被比做蓝鲱鱼。